Michael Oakeshott and Conservatism

Michael Oakeshottby Francis G. Wilson

Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays, by Michael Oakeshott. New York: Basic Books, 1962. 333 pp. [rev ed. Liberty Fund, 1991]

It is a pleasure to have Professor Oakeshott on my side, even though there are moments when I have trouble in understanding just where his verbal missile is directed. Curiously, his address in Madrid at the Athenaeum in 1955 on the functions of the state seems clearer than much of the writing in this volume. It is in part the problem one encounters in much of the behavioral discussion of values in our time: values are important, but though men may believe in them it is not the function of the political scientist to have any commitments as to truth in judgment; one needs only to be rigorously empirical. Thus, the author reduces nearly all things to “activity.” Reason, civilization, education, politics, political theory, and so on endlessly are activities. In this sense he speaks like an American disciple of Arthur F. Bentley. Still, one is troubled, since the conviction will not down that after all Oakeshott does, in spite of iceberg language, believe something is true, and that some judgments about what human beings are doing are rational. But he tries hard to keep it a secret, since even when he slips and commits himself to a value judgment he does not say why a given virtue may be true. [Read more...]

Behind the Crack-up of the Right

by Pat Buchanan

conservative

In introducing his new book, Leo Strauss and the Conservative Movement in America, Paul Gottfried identifies a fundamental divide between neoconservatives and the traditional right. The divide is over the question: What is this nation, America?

Straussians, writes Gottfried, “wish to present the construction of government as an open-ended rationalist process. All children of the Enlightenment, once properly instructed, should be able to carry out this … task.”

For traditional conservatives, before the nation is born, ”ethnic and cultural preconditions” must exist. All “successful constitutional orders,” he writes, “are the expressions of already formed nations and cultures.” [Read more...]

The New Classical Education

classical education

Peter Leithart

by Peter Leithart

In September 1974, the English philosopher Michael Oakeshott delivered the Abbott Memorial Lecture at Colorado College. Entitled “A Place for Learning,” Oakeshott’s lecture attacked the dominant model of education, a model predicated on the theories of the American educationist John Dewey. Learning, Oakeshott observed, should take place under “conditions of direction and restraint designed to provoke habits of attention, concentration, exactness, courage, patience, and discrimination”; but schools shaped by Dewey had instead become arenas of “childish self-indulgence,” “experimental activity,” “discovery,” and “group discussions.” Oakeshott was especially scornful of the notion that education’s purpose was “socialization,” which could only turn the child into a compliant little cog in the machine of commerce and industry. “The design to substitute ‘socialization’ for education,” he argued, was “the momentous occurrence of this century, the greatest of the adversaries to have overtaken our culture, the beginning of a dark age devoted to barbaric affluence.”[1] [Read more...]

Walker Percy: A Man Must go down Fighting

walker percy

by Walker Percy

“I no longer pretend to understand the world…The world I knew has come crashing down around my ears. The things we hold dear are reviled and spat upon….It’s an interesting age you will live in—though I can’t say I’m sorry to miss it. But it should be quite a sight, the going under of the evening land. That’s us all right. And I can tell you, my young friend, it is evening. It is very late.” For her too the fabric is dissolving, but for her even the dissolving makes sense. She understands the chaos to come. It seems so plain when I see it through her eyes. My duty in life is simple…I live a long useful life serving my fellowman. What’s wrong with this? All I have to do is remember it. “—you have too good a mind to throw away. I don’t quite know what we’re doing on this insignificant cinder spinning away in a dark corner of the universe. That is a secret which the high gods have not confided in me. [Read more...]

The Legacy of Wilhelm Roepke: Essays in Political Economy

Wilhelm Roepke

Wilhelm Roepke

by Ralph E. Ancil

[This essay serves as the introduction to The Legacy of Wilhelm Roepke: Essays in Political Economy series by Dr. Ancil that we will be publishing on TIC. The essay was originally published in 1998.]

Most folks missed an important date: June 20th, which marked the fiftieth anniversary of the “German economic miracle.” It was on this day in 1948 that finance minister Ludwig Erhard took Germany off the policy of rationing run by the allied victors and returned it to a free market economy. The result surprised many: Germany, thoroughly defeated, made an astounding and vigorous return to economic health. Among the architects of that economic performance, and some might say the chief architect, operating in opposition to the climate of market critics and to the advice of many in particular, was an economist of high European reputation but little known in America. His name was Wilhelm Roepke. An ardent opponent of National Socialism as well as of Communism, he was anxious to re-establish a healthy market economy in his native land. [Read more...]

Welcome to Colonus: The Theban Plays of Sophocles

sophoclesby Eva Brann

Sophocles: The Theban Plays, translated by David R. Slavitt

This is the most stripped-down version of the three Theban plays of Sophocles that I have read. As I write, I am surrounded by more than 15 translations retrieved from my shelves and the college library. David Slavitt’s book is by far the shortest and the least encumbered—no introduction and no notes, though there is a spirited preface and a helpful glossary. Students are referred to electronic aids like Google and the Perseus Digital Library. The only regrettable omission is standard line numbering. Greek plays are, to my mind, best read and talked about in a group that is using various translations, a thing difficult to do without common references. But then, this translation is so compressed that the line counts wouldn’t jibe. A somewhat regrettable inclusion is the translator’s prefatory apology to students who are reading these plays by assignment. How many students would be reading his book, I wonder, if it hadn’t been assigned? That’s what student-friendly schools are for—to make people read willy-nilly what they then realize they must always have wanted to read. [Read more...]

English Autumnal Bliss: The Progressive Rock of Big Big Train

BBT, English Electric.  Forthcoming, September 3, 2012

BBT, English Electric. Forthcoming, September 3, 2012

by Brad Birzer

An Interview with Greg Spawton

We’re in the middle of perhaps the largest revival of progressive rock—that form of rock music which pursues the artistic and the mythic—since the genre became somewhat suspect as overblown and over-the-top in the second half of the 1970s with the rise of punk. Almost any American over the age of forty can remember the time when long songs such as Yes’s “Roundabout,” Jethro Tull’s “Aqualung,” Kansas’s “Song for America,” and Emerson, Lake, and Palmer’s “Karn Evil 9” dominated FM radio.

The music of these groups, unlike much rock produced in America, originates not as much from jazz and blues as it does from European forms of classical, symphonic, and operatic music.

In this way, the genre of progressive rock has sought to preserve and extend the best of the western tradition while also being willing to incorporate non-western instruments and rhythms. [Read more...]

A Few Unwelcome Words about Mrs. Klein

by Bruce Frohnen

mass culture

Karen Klein, the grandmother/bus monitor whose bullying by a group of middle school students was captured on video and posted online, has become a bit of a celebrity over the past few days. I have nothing but respect for this eminently decent woman. But the story of her ordeal has followed an all-too-common trajectory in the American media. Shock has been followed by anger, followed by abstract gestures, followed by self-congratulation.

Clearly, there is a brighter side to the disgusting display of cruelty and intimidation by a pack of malevolent punks taunting an elderly woman, trapped in a school bus with them. The perpetrators were caught, and are now known to their neighbors for having mocked, physically threatened, and inflicted considerable emotional pain on a woman who had done them no wrong, simply because they thought it would be entertaining to do so. Mrs. Klein handled herself with dignity in an impossible situation. And it looks as though the financial support occasioned by the YouTube video and efforts of good Samaritans in an online giving campaign will bring her some amount of pleasure and even financial security for her future.

But I’ve heard more than enough about the bright side of this story. In particular, the notion that “something good” came out of this incident leaves me incredulous. Why incredulous? Because the heart of the “silver lining” seems to be an attempt on the part of the press in particular to reassure Americans that we remain “basically decent”—good, caring people who will do the right thing if only called upon to do so.

Isn’t it pretty to think so. Some people did some nice things. But the virtue required to toss a few coins into an online kitty because you’ve seen a disturbing video is rather minimal. The display is, in fact, all too indicative of the superficial mass culture we have come to inhabit. It reminds me of nothing so much as the “sponsors” in the recent movie, The Hunger Games. In that movie young people, forced into a large-scale, extended fight to the death, strive to present themselves in an appealing manner in pre-game interviews and on camera once within the arena; their goal is to entice people rooting for them to send in needed supplies at crucial points in the game. Like a television pledge drive, the manipulation of mass audiences, whether for good cause or ill, is not something about which we should be congratulating ourselves. I will be pleasantly surprised if we don’t see fake or exaggerated videos crop up in an attempt to capitalize on this latest take on the phenomenon of mass, abstract concern.

To anyone who tossed money into the kitty for Mrs. Klein, I say “good for you.” But the real test of virtue concerns what one does in one’s own neighborhood or city, faced with real, immediate problems, not how one responds to publicity. Those who sent letters, and those in Mrs. Klein’s neighborhood who reached out to her acted in a genuinely decent manner. But, frankly, online campaigns rooted in online videos are, well, just a bit creepy. They bespeak our increasingly pathetic attempts to build a “national community” of concern for people we don’t know on account of things that look particularly good, bad, or disturbing when captured on video. Sometimes these outpourings are critical to addressing massive disasters, but they remain abstract, mass-level emotional phenomena open more to manipulation and shallow self-congratulation than the forging of bonds of humanity. And, if I’m in trouble, I’d rather have a decent set of neighbors than a “caring” bunch of strangers any day of the week.

Even creepier than the internet-as-community fallacy is the suggestion being made that the taunting video should lead us to put cameras in all our school buses so that incidents like this won’t happen again. That there remain people who are willing to give up yet more of their human dignity to the watchful eye of the state is sad. That such a policy, but for cost considerations, probably would have been implemented already, seems sadly clear. The assumption that we won’t have to fear bullying if we just have big brother watching over us in those buses is a sign of just how far we have sunk into dependency on the government to act as our parents.

Other possibilities for systemic responses seem hardly more promising. It looks as though these youths will not get the punishment they deserve (a summer spent in juvenile hall after conviction for assault), and even if they did, my fear is that the long term result still would be yet more power in the hands of the educrats who already have brought us so many bad ideas and policies. Yet more programs run by un- and mis-educated, ideologically driven bureaucrats convinced that cruelty arises from failure to buy into liberal orthodoxies on race, class, sex, and sexual orientation will do what they have always done: make matters worse.

Of course, we have little choice but to take one or more of these comfortable, co-dependent routes to (non)reform. To really examine the problem, here, might make us look into the deeper mistakes underlying our entire public school system.

It is often said that bullying has been around for a long time, and that we are just now becoming “enlightened” enough to deal with it. It is true, no doubt, that bullying has been around for a very long time, in many forms. My guess is that it has been around approximately as long as mankind. (“Cain, meet your brother, Abel.”) That being the case, we cannot hope to eliminate this phenomenon also known as human sin. Rather, we need to work out better ways to treat those who are its victims with kindness and to punish its perpetrators so as to teach them the importance of being decent human beings, or removing them from decent society—neither of which will be accomplished by the lawyer-drafted half-apologies we’ve seen in this case. At least as important, we need to better structure our institutions to make such inhumane conduct less likely.

Our current educational system is incapable of dealing with this or any other substantial issue of human behavior for the simple reason that it is incapable of treating children as human beings. I know many, many people who have been victims of bullying, as, on occasion, was I in my youth. But, looking back on my own experiences in school, I am convinced that no decision my wife and I have made for the upbringing of our children was more important than this: never, ever to allow them to be warehoused.

My wife and I have utterly abandoned the public schools; we also, by the way, have refused to send our children to any of the mammoth parochial schools that often are their only alternative. The inability of Americans to recognize the ways in which the simple problem of scale encourages pack behavior astounds me. And the role of the school bus—gathering children from miles around to ship them to one, central warehousing facility—has been critical to developing pack mentalities.

The death of the neighborhood school was no accident. Neither was it simply a liberal plot to empower the government. Even today one hears defenses of the warehouse model of schooling on the grounds that it is cheaper, provides more resources for the facilities left standing, and, most important from what I gather, provides for better sports facilities and larger, more talented teams.

It also, of course, tosses children into a mass of strangers, forcing them to compete with so many of their fellows in so many areas of student life that all but a few are left with only failure in a myriad of “fair” competitions. The result, not surprisingly, is anger at a system in which one cannot shine because one is never given the chance to learn to compete well within the small groups in which they can find something at which they are relatively good. The school system’s mass of disappointed, dislocated youth is kept in order, if at all, by adults who are overwhelmed by the sheer mass of humanity they must tend; adults who have been indoctrinated into an ideology in which virtue is an archaism at which one snickers and good character is a self-conflicting morass of radical autonomy, liberal pieties, and tolerance rooted in ignorance and self interest.

We should not be surprised that such a system relies on a myriad of rules for order and still produces chaos, ignorance, and pockets of resistance rooted in the most primitive urges. Add to this the typical self-involved, absentee parents, whose major demands for education reform are all-day kindergarten and on-site daycare so they can fully dispose of their kids at as early an age as possible, and you have the perfect breeding ground for cruel, selfish punks (and their victims).

If we are going to continue shipping our children to centralized warehouses in the name of sports, or “resources” or anything else, we should not be surprised that we have a war of all against all, with only a leviathan administration to maintain the semblance of peace. And we had best not allow grandmothers to serve as bus monitors. Far better, if “efficient,” “unified” school districts are our model, to hire ex-cons, preferably armed with something more intimidating than a fierce look, to force the socially dislocated beings we have created to behave in a peaceful manner.

Books on the topic mentioned in this essay may be found in The Imaginative Conservative Bookstore. Essays by Dr. Frohnen may be found here.

Bruce P. Frohnen is a Senior Contributor to The Imaginative Conservative and Professor of Law at the Ohio Northern University College of Law. He is the author of Virtue and the Promise of Conservatism: The Legacy of Burke and TocquevilleThe New Communitarians: The Crisis of Modern Liberalism, and editor (with George Carey) of Community and Tradition: Conservative Perspectives on the American Experience. He is also the editor of The American Republic: Primary Sources and The American Nation: Primary Sources.

On the Way Down

by Robert Reilly

When I was a child, I thought that living through a degenerate period would be great fun – one big party. Guns blazing, fast cars, beautiful girls, plenty of adult beverages – at least that was my idea of it from having watched movies about the Roaring Twenties with James Cagney. Now, as an aging adult, I really am living through such an era, and it’s not fun at all. In fact, it’s depressing.

However, I do take solace in my role as a cultural pathologist. It can be amusing to observe the level of absurdity to which things go when moral principles have been reversed. The logic is usually impeccable and the consequences inexorable. Only the results are insane.

Take a good look at the poster above. It is not a parody. How did we get to the pink Pentagon? It is the product of the reversed judgment on the morality of homosexual acts. If sodomy is the moral equivalent of the marital act, then those who base their lives on it must not only be welcomed, but celebrated, and in some way compensated for past discrimination. When I was working at the Voice of America back in the 1990s, there were already such posters in the lobby of our building during Gay Pride Month. It was only a matter of time before the march through the institutions reached the Pentagon.

The celebration of “rich diversity,” however, is not diverse enough to include those who have not shared in the moral reversal – that would include the observant followers of every major religion. Those religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, hold that homosexual acts are morally repugnant. Therefore, their teachings must be privatized, while homosexuality is publicized and celebrated. Of course we can’t blame the poor homosexuals for all of this. First came the embrace of divorce and contraception. Once sex was divorced from procreation, the rest became more or less inevitable. If serial polygamy is okay, and contraceptive sex is okay, what could be wrong with a little sodomy? I only wish there were survivors from the 1930 Lambeth Conference, which first endorsed a limited use of contraceptives, who might be forced to attend the Gay Pride event at the Pentagon, so they can dwell upon what it hath wrought. Just as there’s no such thing as being a little bit pregnant, there is no such thing as a little compromise on moral principle.

Here is how President Barack Obama did it. Let’s recall his May 9th statement endorsing homosexual marriage:

“When I think about those soldiers or airmen or marines or sailors who are out there fighting on my behalf and yet feel constrained, even now that Don’t Ask Don’t Tell is gone, because they are not able to commit themselves in a marriage, at a certain point I’ve just concluded that for me personally it is important for me to go ahead and affirm that I think same-sex couples should be able to get married.”

First, Obama forced the repeal of Don’t Ask Don’t Tell on the reluctant military, and then used that very same military as the excuse for endorsing homosexual marriage, as if it were the military asking for it. Those poor Marines in the foxholes of Afghanistan were just aching to marry each other, and Obama comes to their rescue.

This is completely risible, but one has to admire the audacity of his transparently sophistical argument. What’s more, it’s working. Obama is pulling everyone along with him.

Take, for instance, the Secretary of Defense, Leon E. Panetta, a fine graduate of the Jesuit Santa Clara University, who is hosting the first ever Pride event at the Pentagon “to personally thank all our gay and lesbian service members, LGBT DoD civilians, and their families for their service to our country,” as he says on a Pentagon video. Panetta, a Catholic, attended both Santa Clara University undergraduate and the law schools. On the Santa Clara web site, Panetta says, “In politics there has to be a line beyond which you don’t go—the line that marks the difference between right and wrong, what your conscience tells you is right. Too often people don’t know where the line is. My family, how I was raised, my education at SCU, all reinforced my being able to see that line.”

I, too, attended a Jesuit university, albeit a few years later than Panetta. I do not recall learning anything there that would’ve disabled me from making the distinction between the proper use of and abuse of sex. Panetta has now crossed that line without apparently being able to see it. Under the cover of “diversity,” he is publicly endorsing actions that are contrary to the faith he purportedly holds, to say nothing of its effect on military discipline. He is now part of the rationalization for this moral misbehavior – making wrong into right. That is what rationalizations demand – acquiescence, and then cooperation. He has given his.

I have no problem believing that homosexual Americans have sacrificed for their country. I’m equally certain that alcoholic Americans have also done so. It is their sacrifice as Americans that should be honored. What is the point of celebrating their behavior as homosexuals, or as alcoholics, if not to promote homosexual or alcoholic behavior? The one is as absurd as the other.

Perhaps Secretary Panetta had Sister Margaret Farley’s book, Just Love: A Framework for Christian Sexual Ethics, for his bedside reading. Her tome is another significant marker on the way down. This is the book that raised the Vatican’s ire for its endorsement of homosexual relationships and marriage, masturbation, and remarriage after divorce. When the news of the Vatican censure broke, the book became an immediate bestseller. What could be better or more valuable than getting a Catholic to rationalize your moral misbehavior for you? That’s got to be worth the US$25.75 that Amazon charges.

What I particularly enjoyed was Sister Farley’s explanation for why her book contradicted the teachings of the Church: “I can only clarify that the book was not intended to be an expression of current official Catholic teaching, nor was it aimed specifically against this teaching. It is of a different genre altogether.” I wonder how this comports with her religious vows.

It reminds me of a situation somewhat like this. Let us suppose that at a country club, a golfer decided all of a sudden to play the eighth hole in the opposite direction. In other words, he teed off at the green and aimed for the tee. Let us then suppose that he was approached and remonstrated with by the rules committee of the club. His Sister Margaret response might be: “Oh, but I wasn’t playing the hole as a member of the club.” To which the rules committee could reasonably reply, “But you are a member of the club and you’re playing at the club.” He might respond, “Actually, I didn’t intend to play golf, but something else. This is of a different genre altogether.”

In which case, the rules committee could remind the errant member that he had agreed to the rules when he joined the club and that, if he no longer wished to abide by them, he should leave. Why is the Catholic Church the only “club” whose rules may be traduced by those who still insist on the right to remain its member?

This is the stuff of comedy. It’s like a giant pratfall – not a person falling, but an entire culture slipping on a banana peel. Laughing at it is really the only fun left in a degenerate era, which turns out not to be so much fun after all. In fact, it is extremely dangerous to the health of one’s soul.

The forces of social convention enlisted on the side of the rationalization of moral misbehavior are very powerful. Because of them, no one can now serve as a Secretary of Defense, or indeed of any other government agency, without endorsing Gay Pride Month. If you insist on publicly maintaining moral principles, you are officially part of the problem.

Why is it so very important not to be changed by this? What is the price of assent to and collaboration with Gay Pride? The answer is clearly spelled out in Romans 1. Saint Paul describes a situation eerily like our own in which those “who changed the truth of God into a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator” fell into “shameful affections. For their women have changed the natural use into that use which is against nature. And, in like manner, the men also, leaving the natural use of the women, have burned in their lusts, one toward another: men with men, working that which is filthy…” So those, “Who, having known the justice of God, did not understand that they who do such things, are worthy of death; and not only they that do them, but they also that consent to them that do them.” (Italics added) Gay Pride is that consent, the price for which is the death of your soul.

How to deal with this? A Jewish midrash has it that the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah were violent and godless, given over to every sort of sexual depravity, and even killed their own children. Abraham preached against them. They would not change, but he would not stop. One day a stranger approached him and asked, “You began preaching here so long ago. Yet no one has listened to you. Why do you continue?” Abraham replied, “At first I spoke out to change them. Now I speak out so that they do not change me.”

Robert Reilly has worked in foreign policy, the military, and the arts. His most recent book is The Closing of the Muslim Mind: How Intellectual Suicide Created the Modern Islamist Crisis. This article originally appeared on MercatorNet and is published here with the author’s gracious permission.

Why Ray Bradbury’s Something Wicked IS a Great Book

by Robert Woods

wickedOn numerous occasions, Mortimer Adler wrote about the criteria that was used to determine which books of all the books written in the West would be placed within The Great Books of the Western World. Contrary to confusion and many misstatements I’ve read over the years, Adler says it was essentially three criteria and they are as follows:

1) Contemporary significance – Even though historically valuable, these works address “issues, problems, or facets of human life that are of major concern to us today as well as at the time in which they were written.”

Numerous critical reviews when Something Wicked This Way Comes was published considered it a most important and timely work and it was ranked on the New York Tribune’s best books of 1962. Many of the issues explored within the novel are timeless in their nature. [Read more...]

June 25th: A day in American history to Celebrate

by Bradley J. Birzer

“Our whole Indian policy is a system of mismanagement, and in many parts one of gigantic abuse,” The Nation, January 1867.

crazy horseWith the end of the Civil War and the rise of post-war nationalism during the lamentable period of Reconstruction, the U.S. Army pursued a ruthless and brutal policy of pacification with the tribes of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Indians that had been closely allied to the United States for decades, and often without any trace of hostility toward American citizens, found themselves forced onto reservations and denied access to their traditional economic resources as well as all of their religious and cultural freedoms.

Full of fight and political influence but with no organzied enemy after the defeat of the Confederacy, the U.S. Army moved quickly to maintain its self-importance.

Nationalism in the North and defeatism in the South allowed the American people to ignore the problems of violence against the original occupants of the Americas (though many white Americans in the West aided the Indians whenever possible), while the earliest Progressives (meeting annually in Lake Mohonk in New York) saw the American Indian as laboratory test subjects for their social-engineering schemes.
Thus, the first unholy American alliance of mililtarism, nationalism, and progressivism was born with the American people hoping not to be inconvenienced.

Though editors such as The Nation’s E.L. Godkin used the pen to fight all such evils, the nationalists and Progressives overwhelmed all opponents. The worst advocates of violence toward the Indian even called themselves the “Friends of the Indians.”

As one little boy tried to explain “I believe in education because I believe it will kill the Indian that is in me and leave the man and citizen.”

For those who refused to emasculate themselves, the Army employed the instruments and philosophy of total war against the Indians. After all, this is what Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis had inspired during their presidencies.

Battle of Little Bighorn

On this day, 136 years ago, a number of natives under one of the greatest strategists of the nineteenth century, Crazy Horse, resisted, claiming their full birthright against the oppressions of an expansive and militarized American progressivism.

They met their would-be oppressors, led by one of Michigan’s most arrogant darlings, George Armstrong Custer, in western Montana near a small creek by the name of the Little Bighorn.  Breaking off from his main forces of support, Custer had hoped for a three-prong attack against Indian women and children. He and his 265 men paid dearly for their extreme and immoral pride. Every invader–including Custer’s nephew, two brothers, a brother in law–perished that day.

Word of Custer’s defeat reached Washington, D.C. on July 3, 1876, the night before the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. At that moment, horrifically, Custer became a martyr for everything wrong in the United States at that point in history: nationalism, imperialism, and progressivism.

As that stunning but largely forgotten twentieth-century biographer, Mari Sandoz, explained, Crazy Horse was the “Strange Man” of his people.  A recluse and a mystic, Crazy Horse fully understood the stakes of Sioux resistance–the United States government desired to annihilate his people and their entire way of life. As the military genius he knew himself to be (and he was), he understood that every decision he made could affect the very life of every single native person on the Great Plains.

Crazy Horse faced not just defeat, but extinction. He also understood, quite well, that U.S. Policy after the Civil War would prove profoundly different from before the Civil War. In its mad desire to incorporate the entire continent under one government, the United States had lost its entire sense of morality.

Tragedy after Tragedy

Crazy Horse’s own path to adulthood had been fraught with familial dysfunction, moral error, and tragedy. His father and step father had died in war, and his mother had committed suicide. In 1870, he lost his two closest friends, Hump and Little Hawk. 

Shortly after, he had an illicit affair with a married woman by the name of Black Buffalo Woman. When her husband, No Water, discovered their relationship, he fired a pistol at Crazy Horse’s face.  The powder from the shot scared him horrifically, but the bullet passed clean through this skull without mortally wounding him.As Crazy Horse recovered, Black Buffalo Woman and No Water reconciled.

In 1871, he fell in love again and married, but their only child, They Are Afraid of Her, passed away at the age of two.After his first battle, however, a vision had come to him. He would never be defeated in war, but he would be betrayed by those he protected and loved.

For our very rational age (as least, as we perceive ourselves), this sounds bizarre. But, to Crazy Horse, his vision was one of absolute truth, and he waged war as a man unafraid. 
On September 5, 1877, at Fort Robinson, in Nebraska, however, two Sioux men pinned Crazy Horse and, with a bayonet, murdered him by stabbing him up into his body from his groin.

Though deeply flawed as a person (as we all are), Crazy Horse’s struggle was the fight of an Imaginative Conservative–defending tradition, home, and family against nationalism, militarism, and progressivism.

Long live the spirit of Crazy Horse, Strange Man of the Oglalas, one of the greatest traditionalists of his age and certainly one of the most important men of his century.

[Sources: Mari Sandoz, Crazy Horse: Strange Man of the Oglalas; and Joseph C. Porter, "Crazy Horse, Lakota Leadership, and the Fort Laramie Treaty," in Charles E. Rankin, ed., Legacy: New Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1996).]

Books mentioned in this essay may be found in The Imaginative Conservative Bookstore. Essays by Dr. Birzer may be found here.

Dr. Bradley J. Birzer is co-founder of The Imaginative Conservative and a Senior Contributor. He is the author of Sanctifying the World: The Augustinian Life and Mind of Christopher DawsonJ.R.R. Tolkien’s Sanctifying Myth, and American Cicero: The Life of Charles Carroll. He is also author of The Humane Republic: The Imagination of Russell Kirk (forthcoming, University Press of Kentucky). Dr. Birzer also teaches Catholics in the Public Square  for Catholic Courses.

A Conservative Conservationist

by Peter Augustine Lawler
conservative

The Greening of Conservative America, by John R. E. Bliese, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2001. x + 339 pp.

The first thing to say about this fine book is that it is much better than its misleading title. Professor John R. E. Bliese does not really argue that conservatives should join the Green Party or Greenpeace. While true conservatives have always been conservationists, their concerns for the environment are not properly “biocentric” or “ecocentric,” but theocentric-born of the Biblical command that humans exercise stewardship over the earth. Conservatives may join “deep ecologists” and other real Greens in opposing the excesses of the anthropocentric conquest of nature, but they nevertheless part with the Greens in their insistence on the fundamental distinctions that separate man, the rest of nature, and God. As Bliese observes, there can never be even an ounce of pantheism in conservatism rightly understood. Natural piety must be for what God has given us. Still, while Bliese usually bases his judgments about scientific evidence and public policy on anti-ideological conservative prudence, occasionally his enthusiasm leads him to overreach: he himself becomes light Green. [Read more...]