As I mentioned in my previous essay, although we still think incest is wrong, we appear to be reaching the point where we can’t explain why its wrong. We’re in this predicament because, at some point, we began to that think that extra-marital heterosexual sex is morally permissible, and, more recently, that homosexual sex is as well. And whatever our motivations for this change in belief, its rational justification is based on the assumption that sex is morally legitimate so long as it occurs between two competent, consenting adults for whom it is an expression of their emotional bond (henceforth, the “consensual view of sex”). The problem is that the consensual view makes it impossible to defend rationally our belief that incest (and I mean here incest between two consenting adults) is wrong. Of course, some would argue that we can, in fact, explain why incest is wrong without impugning our acceptance of homosexual sex and the consensual view of sex on which it relies. But this is merely wishful thinking for two reasons: (1) at least one of the explanations for why incest is wrong also applies to homosexual sex, which, by the way, gives the state a legitimate interest in regulating it; and (2) even apart from its consequences, both principle and logic require that we reject the consensual view of sex, as well as homosexual sex and incest along with it.
Why Homosexual Unions and Incest are the Same
It’s easy enough to see that if sex is moral so long as it occurs between competent, consenting adults, incest along with homosexual sex is also moral. Both homosexual sex and incest satisfy all the elements of this understanding of sex because both involve two competent, consenting adults who have an emotional bond or commitment to which they give expression through sexual acts. This is perhaps especially true in the case of incest because the emotional bonds would likely be very strong, having developed over many years through a shared family life.
There are, nevertheless, those who maintain that incest is immoral, but homosexual sex is permissible. To maintain this position, one would have to be able to explain why homosexual sex is acceptable, but not incest, without abandoning the consensual view of sex. One might first point to the greater chance of physical and mental handicaps born of an incestuous union where there’s too close a degree of consanguinity. This is a possible consequence of incest, but not for homosexuals who cannot have children of their own. Thus, one might argue that: (1) this is what makes incest wrong, and because it doesn’t apply to homosexuals, homosexual sex remains morally permissible; and (2) due to the potential burden to society posed by physically and mentally handicapped children, the state has an interest in prohibiting incest, but not homosexual unions.
There are problems with this argument, however. Due to the current state of our reproductive technology, which would allow incestuous couples to avoid having handicapped children, this argument doesn’t have the force it would have had a century ago; and, further, it wouldn’t explain our intuition that sex between a parent and a step-child is also wrong. Additionally, if we say there’s a state interest in prohibiting incest due to the potential of having handicapped children, what’s to prevent the state from regulating reproduction among heterosexual married couples to ensure they too do not burden society with handicapped children? Might this open the door to requiring prenatal testing for potential handicaps, such as spina bifida and down syndrome and, if so, to requiring high-risk couples to avoid children, or even worse, to terminate their pregnancies?
A recent article attempting to prevent homosexual sex from being lumped into the same category as incest agrees that arguing on the basis of the potential for handicapped children is not all that persuasive, and that courts are moving away from this as a reason for criminalizing incest. This article argues instead that incest, unlike homosexual relationships, is immoral and should be regulated by the state primarily because it confuses family relationships and erodes trust among family members. This destroys the family structure and, as a consequence, harms family stability. By contrast, so the article contends, homosexuals do not destroy families, and, if they were allowed to marry, they would even form stable ones. The article thus concludes that due to the state’s interest in having stable families, the state has a basis for criminalizing incest but not homosexual unions.
While the impact on families is certainly an adequate basis for concluding that incest is wrong and should be illegal, the consequences for families doesn’t prove to be a defining moral difference between incest and homosexual sex. It’s simply erroneous to think that homosexual sex is any less wrong than incest due to its allegedly neutral, if not positive impact on the family and children. As argued elsewhere (see “What is Marriage?” and the article it discusses), homosexual unions lack the inherent structure and stability necessary for children to thrive, and they undermine society’s understanding of the true nature of marriage, which studies show is the best context for raising children. So, while incest may be all the worse for family gatherings at Thanksgiving and Christmas, homosexual unions prove no better for the overall health of society’s families and children.
Therefore, if incest is wrong because of its impact on the family and children, homosexuality is no different. Rejecting incest because of its undesirable consequences requires that we reject homosexual sex for the same reason. Unfortunately, except for the dissenting justices, this reasoning was lost upon the Supreme Court in, Lawrence v. Texas, which held Texas’ sodomy laws unconstitutional. And, as a consequence, we are now left to combat the issue on a strictly moral basis at the cultural level, and are further left to contend with the absurd consequence of having to prevent the acceptance of incest as a logical consequence. To that end, I’ll offer a few additional observations as to why incest is wrong and should continue to be illegal. But it should be emphasized that unless we reject the consensual view of sex and the sexual acts it justifies, we will not have a truly principled basis upon which to reject incest either morally or legally.
Additional Reasons Why Incest is Wrong and Should be Illegal
The social disapproval of incest currently appears strong enough to prevent the clamoring for legal recognition we’ve seen with homosexual unions. In the hope of contributing at least a little to preventing the social taboo against incest from dissipating as it has against homosexual unions, it may, nevertheless, be worthwhile to articulate additional reasons why incest is wrong and should continue to be illegal, besides those mentioned above that apply to homosexual unions and incest equally.
For instance, regardless of the child’s age, incest undermines the basic nature of the parent-child relationship. Unlike romantic relationships and friendships, the parent-child relationship involves a certain inequality that derives from the loving authority parents should exercise over their children, and the obedient respect children owe their parents. This authority and respect characterize the nature of the love between parents and their children, and while it becomes tempered with elements of friendship as children enter adulthood, parents should (and most often do), on the basis of their wisdom, experience, and selfless love for the child, continue to be source of support and guidance. Likewise, while, as adults, children become more capable of returning their parents’ selfless love, the proper form of that love should include a certain respect and gratitude, which prevents the parent-child relationship from possessing the equality found in romantic love and friendship. Incest, however, assumes an equality that is contrary to the authority and respect that should characterize the parent-child relationship. Thus, as indicated St. Thomas Aquinas’ argument that “it is unfitting for one to be conjugally united with persons to whom one should naturally be subject,” incest is wrong precisely because it violates the natural order of love between parents and their children.
But incest is also wrong because it thwarts the very reason the love between parents and children is so ordered. The natural orientation of parents’ love is to enable their children to develop into mature, self-reliant adults, who can, so to speak, “leave the nest” and “strike out on their own.” Due to the intense intimacy that characterizes erotic love, however, incest turns the child’s love principally toward the parent instead of outward toward the world, and thus, impedes the independence of the child to which the the parents’ love should be oriented.
Furthermore, as Aquinas states, “in human society it is most necessary that there be friendship among many people…[which]…is increased among men when unrelated persons are bound together by matrimony.” Insofar as incest prevents the child from marrying an unrelated person, it retards the growth in associations between and among different families. The social order benefits from the additional allegiances and loyalties forged through otherwise unrelated families uniting as one. Consequently, incest deprives society of the “social glue” that marriage outside of the family provides.
While these reasons speak to the immorality of incest, there is also a number of reasons why the state has an interest in criminalizing incest. As mentioned above, homosexual unions and incest both undermine the stability of the family and deprive children of the context in which they are most likely to thrive. Insofar as the state has an interest in the well-being of its citizenry as well as properly ordered families on which a healthy citizenry depends, it has an interest in preventing incest as well as homosexual union which threaten family stability. The fact that incest violates the proper ordering of love between parent and child and thus thwarts the purpose of this love explains why incest harms those involved, particularly children, who without the proper formation in and experience of a proper parent-child relationship, may further perpetuate a disordered understanding of the love between parent and child as well as its attendant consequences. Additionally, the state also has an interest in promoting a well-ordered society, which benefits, if not requires, a certain cohesiveness. Incest limits society’s cohesion because it limits the association of different families. Finally, given the affections that exist among family members and the intimacy of living together, the temptation for incest may be greater, especially as cultural mores against it weaken. Therefore, laws prohibiting incest may serve as important deterrent.
Toward Abolishing the Consensual View of Sex
As mentioned, in order to have a principled, philosophically firm foundation for our intuition that incest is immoral and should be illegal, we must ultimately reject the consensual view of sex and the sexual acts of incest, homosexual sex and even extramarital heterosexual sex that it justifies. The arguments above, however, deal primarily with the social consequences of homosexual sex and incest without demonstrating the error of the basic assumptions on which the acceptance of these sexual acts depend. I’ll therefore conclude by briefly sketching a framework for arguments against the assumptions underlying the consensual view of sex. Although it would take another article to flesh out these arguments, this should illustrate the direction one could take in exposing the error of these assumptions.
First, while the consensual view of sex rightly recognizes the importance of personal autonomy, it ultimately fails to acknowledge the truth of the human person whose autonomy it aims to protect. Because the consensual view sees the person only as a subject of free choices, the only moral limit to sex is that a person not be forced to have sex against his/her will. Thus, all sex that isn’t rape is permissible. The obvious problem with this understanding of the person, however, is that it fails to recognize human persons as integrated wholes, not just of mind, will, emotions, but also body (hence, in the law, we don’t say the body is vandalized as we would an external item of personal property, but rather that it’s battered or assaulted). Consequently, because the consensual view relies on an incomplete, and therefore, false view of the human person, there are reasons intrinsic to this understanding of sex that prevent it from serving as the basis for a proper understanding of sexual morality.
Second, because the consensual view of sex denies the integrity of the person, it permits sexual acts that violate personal autonomy. Ironically, this is true despite the fact that the force behind acceptance of the consensual view of sex is that it purports to protect personal autonomy. Although the consensual view has an erroneously limited view of the human person, it rightly assumes that persons, precisely as persons, have the capacity to freely choose their own actions and goals. For this reason, sexual acts, such as rape, that violate personal autonomy by failing to recognize a person’s capacity for making free choices are immoral. This dimension of the person, however, also implies, in the words of John Paul II, that a person is not only entitled to “decide for himself the ends of his activity,” but should “not be a blind tool of someone else’s ends.” In other words, genuine respect for a person’s freedom also requires what John Paul II calls the personalistic norm: that the person must be treated as an end in him/herself and never merely as a means. The types of sexual acts, such as extramarital heterosexual sex, homosexual sex and incest, that are morally permissible under the consensual view ultimately fail to conform to this personalistic norm, and, do so, in fact, because they ultimately ignore the full integration of the bodily and personal dimensions of the human person discussed above. Unfortunately, providing a full demonstration of the truth of this point would require another article, but for a thorough articulation of arguments to this effect, see Dr. Robert George’s Defense of Natural Law, “What Sex Can Be: Self-Alienation, Illusion, or One-Flesh Union” (Oxford Press 1999).
Again, while there are good reasons for our gut reaction that incest is wrong and should be illegal, we must come to terms with the fact that if we think this of incest, we should think the same of homosexual unions. Both have undesirable social consequences that justify state regulation of these behaviors and both rely on an understanding of sex that implies a false understanding of personal autonomy and a false view of the human person. Consequently, we must preserve, if not regain, our basic sense that incest and the view of sexuality on which it is based is wrong, and return to a traditional understanding of human sexuality.
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Points well taken, John. Why not any union between any man, woman and child in any combination, by logic. But the image I particularly like is the band Gary and Goats, or Paul and the Ponies for that matter. Man and beast singing together, as Steve Masty painted the picture, with one goat's leg tucked into the top of a boot to keep her from nibbling the electrical wires. Priceless.
Barbara and John, another reductio to illustrate the point against consensual anything being okay, in this case a British joke from between-the-wars illustrating an Englishman's peculiar use of the word 'peculiar.' Overheard in a gentlemen's club:
"Just before he qualified for home leave, Chalfont fell in love with an African gorilla. Most remarkable. They moved into the bush and have never been heard of since."
"Really? A female gorilla or a male gorilla?"
"Why, a female of course. There's nothing peculiar about Chalfont."
Stephen Masty
I'm unsure on this point – are you advocating the criminalisation of homosexuality, or simply an effort to halt the legal recognition of homosexual unions?
All of the points you make are interesting and valid. My observation is that the State may become interested in the simple abolition of marriage altogether and choose instead the propagation of the race a la "Brave New World", etc. We can rest assured the State, in the intest of survival of the race,as against the tyranny of these "freedoms" will soon have the power to do so.
MISCELLANIA
1. I am British, and comfortable with the legalisation of homosexual marriage, incest, polygamy etc. Hello.
2. The Westermark Effect is the (documented) reverse-form of sexual imprinting which inhibits child-cohabitants from finding their counterparts sexually attractive. It is documented. There are suggestions that it evolved to stop incest-related deformation and miscarriage. This, informing and supporting ‘culture’, explains most people’s “Ick!” initial reaction to incest.
A hangover of evolutionary biology has no place in a logical philosophical debate, so all ‘Ick!’ sentiment can be ignored.
3. The possible complications of incestuous procreation are a separate issue to the basic morality and legality of incest; given modern medicine and contraception’s ability to minimise these risks, they are wholly irrelevant. Moreover, as part II of the article suggests, if the state (small ‘s’) were to limit incest primarily for this reason, it would logically also be impelled to prohibit handicapped people, or people who fail genetic screening, from procreating. It would, essentially, justify eugenics. Now, the morality of eugenics is a debate for another day, but I’m gonna assume you’re against it.
4. The implied issues of sexually-grooming-whilst-raising children are implicitly dealt with in pro-incest people’s definition of ‘consent’. In the same way that underage children cannot consent, people who are drugged cannot consent etc, a 2nd generation person ‘groomed’ (but not physically molested) by a 1st generation person before the age of consent, who subsequently assents to physical relations upon majority, is not considered to have consented.
IMAGINATIVE CONSERVATIVE’S PART II ARGUMENT
I feel this fails on a number of strands.
1. The author seems to assume an intrinsic value to the nuclear “family unit”, justified in part to allusions about it being the best environment for childraising. As a historian with some anthropological experience, I would urge him(?) to read up on the plethoral examples of societies functioning excellently with extremely different kinship-structures, including communal raising, polygamy, an augmented role for aunts/uncles/grandparents/siblings/the state etc. The West’s current adoption of the nuclear model is essentially a historical quirk arising from Christian (and at that, specific sects of Christian) tradition and cultural hegemony, which although loosening, still informs the majority of the West’s legal assumptions (as referenced by James).
On a similar line, I would question the author as to his having any evidence, figures, or even estimates, as to how the legalisation of incest would undermine the nuclear family unit s/he idolises. Without strong evidence that the legalisation of incest would undermine your “family unit” any more than, say, the sky-high divorce rate in most Western countries, I fail to see how this argument can justify an infringement of moral actors’ autonomous preferences.
2. The author presents an extremely limited definition of the appropriate “parent-child relationship”, which again seems dependant on the assumptions described above. Moreover, its implications fail to take into account the possibility of relatives who were estranged during either/both of their childhoods later meeting and desiring sexual relations. Even if incest-within-nuclear-families is unjustifiable due to these ‘appropriate forms of love’ dictates, would ‘stranger-incest’ be permissible? Lovely nuances.
However, these ‘proper forms of love’ definitions are again extremely questionable, not only ignoring alternate (and valid) kinship structures, but falling back on Aquinas, whose views are of course based on The Good Book. Not only are the derived terms rather imprecise, revolving as they do around ‘subjection’ and ‘respect’, but their reliance on Christian doctrine immediately makes them suspect when implicating law. I don’t want to go on an agnostic rant, so briefly:
i) America was founded by people seeking to escape religious compulsion, and (rightly) enshrines freedom of conscience in its constitution.
ii) Essential morality is not the province of the state, but of God (if he’s there), and given his omnipotence and omniscience, he is perfectly well equipped to judge, impede, punish and reward sinners all by himself. The state need not infringe on autonomy in such circumstances.
iii) Given the multiple translations of, and ambiguous language results arising from the origins of the Bible, it is highly questionable to base concrete assumptions upon it.
iv) If one were to base arguments on Biblical directives, one falls fowl to the probability that virtually nobody follows all Biblical directives – certainly most modern people maintain a ‘pick and choose’ approach whereby some directives (such as the Repeated, unambiguous pleas from Christ for you to sell all you own and give it to the poor) are seen as ‘allegorical’. Where an ambiguity exists as to whether a Biblical passage such as the Sin of Onan is ‘allegorical’ or ‘literal’, no actor can be so sure of God’s will as to act in such a way as to infringe on the autonomy of another.
3. The author continues on their resorts to unqualified abstract nouns, again based on limited cultural norms, seeing familial love as “ordered…natural orientation” (of a child, outwards) which utterly fails to accommodate 150 years of modern psychiatry, which demonstrates a whole range of childhood (and adult) sexual and other emotions. Indeed, by setting up an opposition between familial and erotic love, the author presents an awkward false dichotomy which fails to establish their point.
4. The author’s “Social Glue” argument falls fowl to their lack of evidence (above) and is again largely irrelevant – a family member being raised unsociably, in such a way that they do not interact with the world outside their own family, is probably wrong. It is not, however, a demonstrably necessary or sufficient cause or result of incest – in fact it’s rather absurd, equivalent to supposing that homosexual men do not interact socially with women (or similar).
5. The author’s argument that the state should attempt to promote traditional family units is, frankly, poorly thought through. If this is a justification for prohibiting incest, it also impels the state to either vet marriages and veto those the state supposes will not prove stable, and/or vet divorce proceedings, and veto those the state supposes are currently providing appropriate child-raising environments.
Mr. Beige, please refrain from using the phrase "IMAGINATIVE CONSERVATIVE’S PART II ARGUMENT." The Imaginative Conservative is the name of the site. The author of this post is Mr. John Creech. As with all posts on The Imaginative Conservative this post is the work of the author and he does not claim to represent the official position of The Imaginative Conservative. You have a comment awaiting approval which uses the phrase again. Please remove this and I will then post it. Thank you.
Sorry Mr Elliot
JOHN CREECH's VIEWS ON ABOLISHING THE CONSENSUAL UNDERSTANDING OF MARRIAGE
From a philosophical point of view, this section was hilarious in that the author’s first sentence admitted his argument was ‘justifying his prejudices’ rather than thinking through the issue from suspended-abstraction and coming to (an attemptedly) objective conclusion.
In any case, I found the “false view of a human person” argument wholly incoherent. I thought there might be some confusion between ‘consent’ and ‘assent’, but I really couldn’t tell. The statement “the consensual view of sex denies the integrity of the person” seemed either contradictory, or suggested the author has a very different dictionary to mine. The resort to the Pope, flimsy as hinted at above, again deploys a very wooly false dichotomy, this time between treating sexual partners as ‘ends’ or ‘means’. His blanket denial that any sexual relationship but one in marriage could possibly treat another person as an ‘end’ reveals a disappointing short-sightedness, even if ‘end’ could be nailed down as a term.
I must say that I find the "Vivid Beige" (what a name!) arguments to be astonishing. Astonishing in how shallow and stupid they are, and how reliant on foolish social scientism. They are also ungrammatical, which is of course predictable given the lack of right reason they betray. No wonder the Brits are in such bad shape.
Mr Willson, many thanks for your appreciation of my screename and your accurate appraisal of my homeland. I apologise for errors in my grammar – I'm afraid I was rather tired by the end of my most, and as such my proofreading might well have been lacking.
I am, however, dissapointed that you dismiss my arguments, over which I spend considerable time, without logically refuting a single one. In terms of 'shallow', I'm glad I have competition. Whilst I did not expect my views to be welcomed with raucous applause on this website, I was genuinely attempting to interact with a fascinating debate. I thus invite Mr Willson to precisely demonstrate my 'lack of right reason' [which, incidentally, might well be considered an ungrammatical phrase over here] and refrain from infantile name-calling.
Moreover, whilst I suggest my points drew on multiple disciplines, not least logic, I am proud to rely on social scientism, if the alternative is to rely on two dead clerics.
Vivid Beige (a "screename?"–still fascinates me),
All right, since you survived my name-calling, I will answer one or two of your arguments. All of them would take an entire liberal arts education, which almost nobody has these days.
First, you introduce yourself as a person who is "comfortable" with legislation that allows almost every category of sexual deviation that we have ever identified. If indeed you believe that women can marry horses, then I can't imagine what else we may have to talk about.
Second, you have a relativistic view of family, which means that you care nothing about discussing such important matters except in terms of anthropology, which is itself a suspect discipline founded by people whose purpose was to call into question every moral idea that Western Civilization was founded upon.
Third, you advocate an empiricism that is useful only for your ideological purposes, whatever they may be. I am an historian, and have been an historian for fifty years, and I know what evidence is and is not. The kind of empiricism that social scientists rely upon is almost never correct, much less interesting. Your reference to "two dead clerics" is not only a sign of ignorance (have you read the books of the two last Popes?), it is offensive to me in a way that I am sure you do not know "offensive" to mean.
So, who is "infantile?"
I do not, actually, justify bestiality and I'm very sorry my ambiguity made my stance appear as such. Bestial marriage or intercourse necessarily presumes either an animal's consent, or that animals are wholly automata, equivalent to machines, so have no 'consent' to give. Neither case is satisfactory. I limit my sexual permissibility to human-human contact, as per Mr Creech's initial three criteria.
Regardless of my position on bestiality, I cannot imagine how having a view different to your own means we have 'nothing to talk about'. In fact, I would suggest it means we have a great deal to talk about.
I suggest you mischaracterise anthropology, which for most of its existence actually perpetuated the moral superiority of Western Civilization in matters of religion, power-structure and of course, kinship. Until quite recently, it was an exercise of pointing native peoples and deriving WASPs' superiority.
Nevertheless, it has, as you suggest, moved on to a more relativist perspective. I disagree, however, that this means I 'care nothing about discussing such important matters' in any other terms – for example, I quite clearly asked Mr Creech for evidence that contemporary conspicuous incest was having social repercussions. This question is both directly relevant to Mr Creech's post, and sociological rather than relativist or anthropological.
It is delightful to meet a fellow historian. I have been qualified for considerably less time, so bow to your superior knowledge of empiricism and therefore beg you to educate me as to how social science's methods are less empirical than those of Aquinas or John Paul II. I'm afraid I have not read the books of either Pope, given my rather sordid heathen status.
I certainly did not mean to offend you in my description of said figures, and am very sorry to have done so. Although again, dismissing the likes of Durkheim, Foucault, Marx, Geertz, Malinowksi, Levi-Strauss and every other social scientists as 'foolish' could be decried as equally tactless.
Thank you. I mean that. And you are right, we now have some ground for discussion. Today is my wife's 70th birthday, and tomorrow one of our grand daughters graduates from Hillsdale College. Would you please allow me until Monday to think this through and reply? As a preview, the social scientists you name I believe to have been destructive of decent civilization.
Certainly. Congratulations to your wife and granddaughter.
I'm glad I didn't name Nietzsche!
I was curious about the posts you would write. It is a pity the discussion stopped.